Ethics Of Embryonic Cloning Essays - Cloning, Biotechnology

Ethics of Embryonic Cloning Embryonic Wars The specific objective of this major essay is to clarify and summarise the controversial debate concerning the ethical decency of embryonic cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is the form of cloning that is supposedly beneficial to a barrage of medical applications. We will identify the key opposing ethical perspectives such as those of the justification of embryonic research based on the normative theory of consequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of the debate while gauging the particular stumbling blocks of disagreement which bioethicists have arrived at. The topical aspects of therapeutic cloning will be closely studied by weighing the pros and cons and gaining a greater understanding of the present scenario. Formally speaking, embryonic cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will all have the same genetic information. Some more extreme forms of Embryonic or Therapeutic cloning involve the deliberate creation of an identical twin to be destroyed before implantation in order to make replacement tissues. However, these identical twins are usually only six day old embryos, a minuscule collection of cells without a nervous system. Therapeutically, the notion of cloning is medically significant because cloned individuals at the embryonic stage "share the same immune characteristics as each other" (Harris 26). The possibility of cloning an individual at the embryo stage allows one clone to be used as a cell tissue and organ bank for the other. Embryonic cloning has a history of significant developments and discoveries that have occurred only in the past ten or twenty years. In the nineteen eighties and early nineteen nineties, sophisticated foetal and embryological research was banned by the United States' Reagan and Bush administrations due to pressure from pro-life factions of the Republican party. However, these regulations against research into the controversial field were relaxed considerably with the inception of the more pro-choice Clinton administration. In October 1994, Robert J. Stillman shocked the world with the news of his successful "cloning of seventeen flawed human embryos at George Washington Medical Center" (Dyson & Harris 276) in the United States. Events such as this have continued to spark furious debate over the past few years. In December 1998, Professor Lee Bo-Yeon of Korea created and killed the first human clone, much to the dismay of numerous pressure groups. In July this year, scientists of the United Kingdom began to publicly exploit a loophole in the Government's ruling of the rejection of spare-part cloning research. The loophole allows the researchers to continue with experiments by importing stem cells from cloned embryos which have been created and destroyed in another country. There is a rather surprising amount of medical benefits arising from therapeutic cloning research which have to be weighed before we assess where the debate is currently at. Doctors lay well founded expectations that by being able to study the multiple embryos developed through cloning, the causes of disastrous spontaneous abortions can be determined and much human loss can be averted. A greatly viable application lies in the field of clinical contraceptives. Leading contraceptive specialists perceive that if they can determine the manner in which an embryo knows where to implant itself, a contraceptive can be developed which will prevent embryos from implanting in the uterine wall. An additionally important branch of therapeutic cloning research is embryonic stem cell development. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can "evolve into almost any type of cell" (Lord 28) within the human body. These cells are not attacked by a person's immune system because of their rapid maturat ion and undifferentiated status. Many doctors have reason to believe that these stem cells could be used to replace damaged cell tissue in adult humans with brain and nervous system damage. Because of the large amount of cells needed, human embryo cloning will aid the eventual implantation of those cells significantly. Cancer investigation is probably the most crucial reason for research into therapeutic cloning. Oncologists believe that embryonic study will advance the understanding of the rapid cell growth of cancer. Cancer cells develop at roughly the same extraordinary speed as embryonic cells. By studying the embryonic cell growth, scientists may be able

The Psychic Crisis Theory of the Salem Witch Trials essays

The Psychic Crisis Theory of the Salem Witch Trials essays Psycho-history lends insight into the possible states of mind of individuals. Historians have attempted to use psychological and sociological theories to explain historical events and show how the human psyche creates historical crises. The psychic crisis theory of the Salem witchcraft hysteria can explain several aspects of the witch trials because historical fact alone may not be able to completely account for the underlying reasons for the persecutions. As such, the psychic crisis theory is a reasonable extension of a more meat and potatoes history, which readily takes into account issues such as religiosity, social norms, trends, and politics. Just as it may be reasonable to assume that Van Gogh suffered from a mental illness in addition to epilepsy, it may also be reasonable for historians to assume that the hysteria over witchcraft stemmed from a psycho-social crisis. The behaviors of both the accused and the accusers may have been due to psychic crises: caused by social confli ct, psychological turmoil, or the ingestion of psychedelics. However, because it is largely speculative, psycho-history can never be as reliable as cold, hard facts. Calling witchcraft hysteria a psychic crisis infers too much about the root causes of the historical phenomenon. History should always be based on factual evidence in the same way science or law must also be based on hard evidence. At the same time, psycho-history can offer meaningful alternative perspectives on persons and events, filling in the gaps cold, hard facts cannot fill. Historians should feel free to speculate about the potential psychic causes of the witchcraft hysteria as well as about the states of mind of the individuals on both sides of the stake. In some cases, meat and potatoes facts can prove unreliable or misleading, which is why psycho-history should not be completely abandoned. Students of history also appreciate alternative perspectives that s...

Renaissance Madonna and Child Triptych Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Renaissance Madonna and Child Triptych - Essay Example A triptych is a three-piece stand-alone panel that was a common altarpiece in the Baroque period created with some specific common techniques. They varied in size and particular shape, but most had a roughly rectangular base and square or arched tops. The two side panels were almost always smaller than the center panel. They were made like this so that they could be easily folded up and transported with the priest when he went to preach in the country. As we learned in class, during this time in history, it was the church that preserved all of the arts and literature. As a result, they were the ones who usually commissioned the art and allowed the art to be seen. In technical elements, the painting is done with tempera on wood panels, which was a common way of working. Tempera is an egg-yolk-based paint that dries quickly and hardens into a very tough surface that made it ideal for traveling by bumpy wagons. Many of the triptychs on display in museums are made with this medium for th is reason. To get the colors to work just right, Baroque painters would use a green earth pigment called Terre Verde for the under-painting and red sizing behind the gold leaf of the background (class notes). Gold leaf was always used in images of a religious nature because it symbolized the importance and nobility and purity of the figures. If you look closely, these attributes of green under-painting, red sizing and heavy use of gold leaf in the background are evident in this triptych as well as many other similar works. such as Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned and Giotto's Madonna Enthroned that we saw in class. Another common feature of Baroque art is the focus on brushwork. According to my class notes, the brushwork used during this period was very meticulous. Every little line was carefully positioned to create a sense that the image just appeared on the panel. This makes a lot of sense, actually, considering they were working with gold leaf. Gold is very reflective and the smalles t crease would cause reflections in one direction or another. By taking a perfectionist approach to the work, the artist could create the illusion of halos or other features within the gold leaf that would only appear when the light came from just the right angle. This would have added to the magic of the image for the benefit of the less-educated public. The general subject matter of Vanni's triptych is also very similar to the artwork of other Baroque artists working in this time period. In this painting as well as in Cimabue's painting and Giotto's painting, the Madonna is

Immigration Restrictions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immigration Restrictions - Essay Example Based on statistics presented in the article, it is clear that immigrants are improving the US economy and have also led to a massive population growth. Despite the economic advantage brought in by the immigrants, some people are also against the issue of having many immigrants. They argued that the immigrants do not pay taxes whereas they use public schools and hospitals. Moreover, they use their immigration documents to access anything they want. Immigrants have been there all over the world since the 17th century. In the late 17th century, 3% of the world’s population was made up of immigrants. Immigrants play a crucial role in improving the economy and increasing the population. Based on available statistics, it is expected that in future, 60% of the USA population will be composed of immigrants. This population is expected to be more educated and will improve the USA’s economy and education level. Moreover, the USA society will grow to a multicultural society, and many people will visit the USA to learn about these cultures. Immigrants are disadvantageous in other ways. Most immigrants use social security numbers of the natives in order to access the facilities that they need. It is surprising that the USA government is not able to track down such activities. These activities pose a danger to the USA residents since the resources available might be overused. It is crucial for the government to provide the immigrants with documents that can use to access public facilities. Provision of these documents will enable the country to have correct statistics, and thus negative reflections will be eliminated.

Module 4 BHS427 Health Care Finance Cost of Capital (CASE) Essay

Module 4 BHS427 Health Care Finance Cost of Capital (CASE) - Essay Example Despite being highly criticized, CAPM is commonly used by investors and managers, possibly due to its sundry advantages over other models. By using systematic risk only, CAPM tends to be not only more realistic but also simpler by eliminating the unsystematic risk. Remarkably, the relationship between the market risk and expected rate of return is easily shown by the Security Market Line. Secondly, in addition to being empirically testable, CAPM compares the particular investments level of risk to the stock market risk unlike DGM. Moreover, CAPM overcomes WACC’s assumption that investment has no influence on financial risk hence making it better in project appraisal. Conversely, CAPM’s assumptions make it less viable in reality. In project appraisal, the use of a single-period time zone contradicts the nature major real investments, which cut across periods. Moreover, it’s unrealistic to assume a constant beta for the periods as market conditions keep on fluctuating. Again, CAPM faces a problem in assigning values to the variables in the model. None of the variables is constant, with some such as yield on government debt (used to estimate risk free rate of return) changing on daily basis. Dolde et al (2012) research was aimed at determining whether the two factors international CAPM (2F-ICAPM) gives a different cost of capital compared to the domestic CAPM mostly used by US companies. Pre-studies had shown that the single global CAPM generated costs of equity not significantly different from the domestic CAPM despite the former model’s theoretical superiority, hence explaining why managers had not shifted from the domestic CAPM. To formulate the2F-ICAPM, Dolde et al incorporated the world market Index and currency index for chief currencies all expressed in US dollars, making this model theoretically superior to both

Individual Reflection Report On A Business Plan

Individual Reflection Report On A Business Plan The following reflective journal has been produced by me as a work that redirects my business plan that has been prepared by my group of five members. The main reason for writing the journal is to reflect my work and my role as a team member while undertaking the research for business plan. Other purpose of preparing the report is to present my personal records and include my thoughts and experiences that I have achieved during the project work. The MBA administration of the university instructed me to write an individual reflective journal on business plan that must be critical and analytical. I have ensured it is written to reflect on my work which will also enable the examiners to understand my achievements as an individual and as a member of a team. It will also provide help for supervisors to appreciate my role as a person who can confidently research, gather information, critically analyse, report and present. I have tried my best to be as specific as possible to make this refl ective report as a persuasive essay arguing on behalf of myself. This journal also includes information of research sources, my use of ideas and critical thinking to develop my awareness of the context in which I work. Along with the above mentioned areas, I have described my role as a tackler of a situation, as an important member of a team and as a person who approached any issues and challenges to reflection sheet with confidence and enthusiasm. Also included in this journal are understanding of relevant theories, problem solving, synthesis, strategic analysis, and explaining how I built upon and applied knowledge from taught modules. It has been ensured by me that wok structure must follow section headings and recognise marking scheme. Language is deliberately kept concise and the work is presented taking into account the school guidelines. Problem solving The MBA administration has allocated in a team of five students (including me). The task given to us to work on was a business plan concerning launching a business in Wales. The team members for this task were Ram Lakshmankumar Konda, Soto Santiago, James Joji and Yuvraj Singh. The business we chose to launch in Cardiff was Spectrum International Travel Agency (SITA) which offers services in corporate and commercial traveling. SITA is a partnership firm comprised of five partners with equal shares with a start-up capital of  £400,000. We planned to launch the business in the month of April, 2011 with a star-up capital of 400000 pounds jointly invested by partners who have equal shares and equal voting rights. The assignment required us to make a plan consisting of data regarding marketing, human resource and financial aspects of the contemporary management studies. In this journal I reflected upon my individual experiences as well as an influential member of a team explaining events such as planning, gathering data, analysing, reporting and presenting what I saw, I heard my hypotheses and my conclusions. I also evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of what was observed. I was selected to be within a team of five members that have already been mentioned above. Although I specifically asked the supervisor to form a team with my friends but the teams were allocated randomly by the management. I was lucky that one of my close friends was on my team. The remaining team members have already had good contacts with me as they were my colleagues and classmates. My initial objections faded away once I started working with my friendly natured team members. All of us were motivated, determined and enthusiastic of completing the business plan. We met for an initial meeting and decided on the type of a business. I was quite influential as for my managerial background and practical experience in marketing and financial pathway. My team members recognised this and realised my natural leadership qualities. It was not difficult for us to select the business type. After careful consideration and brainstorming ideas with members, we managed to come up with a brilliant plan. Luck was on our side as our team members had different study backgrounds and I was naturally multi-skilled. It proved easy for us to divide the tasks according to our strengths. Once tasks were assigned and potential barriers to search identified, we consulted on how to maximize our strengths to reduce our weaknesses, and how to exploit the possible opportunities and remove threats. After that we constantly held meetings to discuss our progress and consult each other to improve our work. We continuously stayed in touch with each other via audio video conferencing and of course mobile phones. Being students from different cultures caused some tensions and some problems such as little understanding of each others ideas, lack of knowledge of some business management areas and conflict in decision making process. I again proved prominent and persuasive and managed to resolve all the issues harmoniously. Disagreements among team members were resolved and we worked together pleasantly. As a contemporary business management student, I had an idea due to my studies that the team capability is superior to the collective abilities of the individuals within it. I learned that working in a friendly environment make the job easier for team. Combined strengths can be utilized if team members work jointly in committed and motivated stance. Apart from problems mentioned above, my team faced some problems such as lack of knowledge in some areas, lack of experience in conducting research, lack of ability to analyse critically, and critical of each other work. We managed to resolve these i ssues professionally. As a team member my learning experience grew as I learned that team becomes a success when members work jointly to create a synergy. When team members know how to be more effective together, synergy happens and greater organizational success is achieved. The lessons that I have learnt being in a team are very crucial and I understood its significance. People bring their unique skills, knowledge and experience which when used in combination with skills and knowledge of other team members, helps in creating a synergy that positively effects the operations and functions of the team. This happened in my situation. Every member was motivated and worked with passion and determination. Increasing the strength of each team member produced greater team success and results. I understood that that collective strengths of team could tackle any problem we face. Knowledge and Understanding By actually participating in a joint research project, I understood the importance of team theory in practice. It provided me confidence to relate the theoretical study with my research. I acknowledged my roles and responsibilities by working effectively working in a team. My communication and coordination skills improved considerably. During the work, I have appreciated the idea of working together to achieve the common goal. I have learned that effective team working is the key to success when there are limited time and resources. Different point of views can be brought forward which could help in effective decision making. I found the energy of group participation made me feel more energetic about contributing something. The thing that helped me understand the approach of my team members is the constant contact and consultation with them. It also assisted me to learn and understand their ideas and experiences. Working with team on a business plan has helped me equip myself with cr itical and analytical skills to make an official report. I felt more skilled in searching various data sources and in using variety of research tools techniques and methods to conduct a research. The proposed business plan concentrated on marketing strategies of the company before during and after launch of its business. It focused upon the areas of market penetration, market segmentation and marketing growth. It also included finding out market trend and demand of the consumers. I forecast market share and business revenues using assumptions and financial projections. The companys approach was to recognise the importance of consumer service, facilities, ambience, and projection technology and operational benefits. I managed to educate myself practically with the knowledge of applying wide range of marketing models and techniques in business plan. It helped me to formulate strategic aim and objectives of the start up company. The reason of conducting the research was to identify and establish potential market and also to collect valid and reliable data. I understood the importance of critically analysing market information and data related to potential customers before entering the market. I studied to carry out market analysis; learned about market size and forecast; its share, trends and behaviour. I also assessed competitors and their strategies, targeted market segments, analysed our business core competencies and critical success factors; marketing and costing strategies. This business plan also assisted me in projecting financial position and reports along with knowledge of staffing and resourcing for business. Synthesis Despite dividing the tasks according to our strengths, we still faced issues. Although all problems were resolved properly but I would still like to change my future approach a little. I would definitely focus on time management and issues regarding motivation and interest. The areas I need improvements are my skills of critical thinking and analysing and assessing the market. I would also try to encourage positive criticism so that team members could improve their work. Experience gained from this project will definitely help to improve the above mentioned areas in the future. There are some factors that developed my understanding and improved knowledge. I learnt to conduct the research practically which were taught theoretically in workshops and lectures during my study in the university. Meetings provided facilitation in problem solving and strategic planning. These also helped me in decision making and working in a team. Analysis and Evaluation It was expected from a student studying master in business administration to think and analyse critically. The lectures I have taken during my studies and the courses that I have attended provided a great help in applying marketing tools and techniques to my research. These also assisted me applying theories into practical scenario. I gained bot theoretical and practical knowledge. I applied my studied knowledge of the books; journals and coursework make and plan a strategy for the company. Models e.g. Porters generic strategies, McKenzie 7s model, Porters five forces model and Ansoffs growth model, have been applied successfully. The knowledge from the lectures helped me search various data sources. The effective use of theoretical knowledge in practical scenario proved helpful in understanding the business plan. I applied a number of marketing theories to advance my knowledge of the business plan. I steadily built my practical experience upon the theoretical knowledge. Theory taugh t me the ways to carry out research; I practically collected data on filed. Theory taught me various ways of measuring the data; I practically applied some in financial projection; Theory explained how to apply different models; I managed to use these theories according to my situation and constructed a whole report. After successfully completing the project, I learned to better argue, use facts and examples and debate efficiently on management issues. The business plan helped me to be good, confident, cooperative and effective team member. My researching skills increased considerably. Now I can use different research which can help me in future research process. It taught me to create a conclusive argument, present the paper clearer and arguments more apparent. Collecting data, analysing it, writing it in a proper format and presenting it to the board has given me a sense of achievement and pride. In comparison to my own skills before working on this project I did make a lot of progress. I personally feel that business plan is more feasible as it helped me understand not just to applying critical thinking and analysing the information but to use the theory into practice. It helps the students getting management experience and applying what they have learnt in their lectures and workshops.

space probes :: essays research papers

Deep Space Probes 1 Have you ever considered life on other planets, or maybe galaxies that we have never heard of? Thanks to space probes these dreams may become a reality sooner than u think. In the past years there have been many space probes launched and even more discoveries made by them. These probes are helping people to better understand our solar system and everything it. They are also helping to make many new discoveries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is a space probe? A space probe is an unmanned space vehicle that is designed to explore our solar system and everything in it by using very high-tech instruments. Some common instruments that you will find on a spacecraft include magnetometers, radiometers, cameras that are sensitive to infrared and ultraviolet light, and tools that can detect micrometers, cosmic rays, solar winds, and gamma rays. Space probes study structures in our solar system for various reasons. They use onboard computers to send data back to Earth. In order for these space probes to actually reach space, they must be launched with enough energy to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth. Space probes are not designed to return back to Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past years, many space probes have been launched for many different reasons. They have visited all of the planets in our solar system besides Pluto. The earliest space probes to be launched in the United States were the Mariner Series. They investigated Mercury, Venus, and Mars. The Mariner II flew within 35,400 km of the surface of Venus. (1) It sent information back to Earth about Venus’s atmosphere, rotation period, and information on its magnetic field. Mariner 10 has been the only space probe to reach Mercury so far. Another space probe, Helios I came within (1)Amazing Spacecraft 2 47 million km of the sun. (1) The Luna II and III space probes landed on the surface of the moon and took the first photos of the far side of the moon in 1959. Another space probe called the Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 and made a successful landing on Mars in July of 1997. Other space probes to reach Mars include the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Global Surveyor. A few other past space probes include the Voyager II, which is the only space probe to reach Uranus, The Venera VII, which was the first space probe to space probes :: essays research papers Deep Space Probes 1 Have you ever considered life on other planets, or maybe galaxies that we have never heard of? Thanks to space probes these dreams may become a reality sooner than u think. In the past years there have been many space probes launched and even more discoveries made by them. These probes are helping people to better understand our solar system and everything it. They are also helping to make many new discoveries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is a space probe? A space probe is an unmanned space vehicle that is designed to explore our solar system and everything in it by using very high-tech instruments. Some common instruments that you will find on a spacecraft include magnetometers, radiometers, cameras that are sensitive to infrared and ultraviolet light, and tools that can detect micrometers, cosmic rays, solar winds, and gamma rays. Space probes study structures in our solar system for various reasons. They use onboard computers to send data back to Earth. In order for these space probes to actually reach space, they must be launched with enough energy to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth. Space probes are not designed to return back to Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past years, many space probes have been launched for many different reasons. They have visited all of the planets in our solar system besides Pluto. The earliest space probes to be launched in the United States were the Mariner Series. They investigated Mercury, Venus, and Mars. The Mariner II flew within 35,400 km of the surface of Venus. (1) It sent information back to Earth about Venus’s atmosphere, rotation period, and information on its magnetic field. Mariner 10 has been the only space probe to reach Mercury so far. Another space probe, Helios I came within (1)Amazing Spacecraft 2 47 million km of the sun. (1) The Luna II and III space probes landed on the surface of the moon and took the first photos of the far side of the moon in 1959. Another space probe called the Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 and made a successful landing on Mars in July of 1997. Other space probes to reach Mars include the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Global Surveyor. A few other past space probes include the Voyager II, which is the only space probe to reach Uranus, The Venera VII, which was the first space probe to