Fight Club Essay - 1016 Words

Fight Club David Flinchers movie, Fight Club, shows how consumerism has caused the emasculation of the modern male and reveals a tale of liberation from a corporate controlled society. Societys most common model of typical man is filthy, violent, unintelligent, immature, sexist, sex hungry, and fundamentally a caveman. In essence Tyler Durden, is the symbolic model for a man. He is strong enough to withstand from societys influences and his beliefs to remain in tact. Jack, the narrator, on the other hand is the opposite. He is a weak, squeamish, skinny man who has not been able to withstand societys influence; therefore, he is the Ikea fetish. Unlike Tyler, Jack is weak minded. Both Jack and Tyler are polar opposite models of†¦show more content†¦Society has taken the very essential feature of being a man and taken it away creating a more feminine man. The term itself almost leaves us with an image of a castrated man. (explain more what is consider a real man) For instance, Bobs character which Jack meets at one of the support groups who is emasculated. (Fragment) Bob was a champion bodybuilder, an autonomous and strong male, but had his testicles detached and his hormone disproportion caused him to produce enormously large breasts and his voice to become higher (do you mean deeper). Therefore, Bob goes to a testicular cancer group so he could share his feelings, have strength and courage, to cry. He was previously a strong and independent male, but now he is pathetic and dependent. Bob becomes more of a woman than a man because of how society views what a real man considers. It is because of Bobs big breast and his feminine side has made him become emasculated. So, Bob somehow decided to join the Fight Club to make him not so emasculated. Returning to the men at the meeting who had divorced from their wives, we realize that the room is full of men that women do not want, which in itself already can emasculate a man. Also, if you pay attention to the first few lines at the beginning of the movie, Jack speaks about how the whole situation has to do with a girl, Marla Singer. Later on in the story, Marla is attracted to Tyler (Jacks alter ego), while once Jacks ownShow MoreRelatedFight Club1673 Words   |  7 PagesMelissa Gonzales Prof. O’Connell English 215 09, December 2013 Fight Club Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk uses violence for most of recorded history, violence has played a major role in our lives; for example, through country conflicts to world wars, violence seems to be the tool to our defense. Even in our daily lives, when encountered a conflict, we humans want to make it disappear as quick as possible. We do this by using violence unconsciouslyRead MoreFight Club Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesFight Club In the book Fight Club, by Chuck Palahniuk, the narrator is an employee for a travelling car company, who suffers from insomnia. When he asks his doctor for medication the doctor refuses and advises him to visit a support group to witness what suffering really is. The first group the narrator attends is for testicular cancer victims. He finds an emotional release that relieves his insomnia and becomes addicted to support groups. After a flight home from a business trip, the narratorRead MoreEssay on Fight Club1189 Words   |  5 PagesThis movie is mainly about a narrators search for meaning and the fight to find freedom from a meaningless way of life. It setting is in suburbia, an abandoned house located in a major large city. Ed Norton, plays the nameless narrator, Brad Pitt, is Tyler Dunden, and Helena Boaham Carter is Marla Singer, the three main characters. David Fincher directs this film in 1999, which adapted it from the novel written by Chuck Palahnuik. It begins depicting Edward Norton, the narrator, working for anRead MoreFight Club Analysis1678 Words   |  7 PagesDo you find yourself lost, searching for self-worth in modern Society? The Narrator in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club struggles with insomnia due to his repetitive nine to five office-job. He longs to feel alive, thinking that purchasing materialistic objects and conforming to what modern society considers the norm will fill his void. Tyler Durden, The Narrators alter ego states, â€Å"the first step to eternal life is you have to die† (Palahniuk 11). His extreme statement represents that one mustRead MoreFight Club Analysis1745 Words   |  7 PagesFight Club There is enough on earth for everybodys need, but not for everyones greed.† Mahatma Gandhi This quote fits perfectly on me. Even though I have enough clothes to last an entire lifetime, yet I keep finding myself at the mall, buying things I simple do not need at all. And I am not the only one, millions of people is doing the same thing. It is because we need certain things: we desire different certain things. Now what is that problem called? Consumerism. Modern society is basedRead More Fight Club Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesProblems with Adaptation, says â€Å"We expect the film to duplicate exactly the experience we had seeing the play or in reading the novel. That is, of course, completely impossible† (Boggs 672). No one told this theory to David Fincher, the director of Fight Club. Fincher stuck almost like glue to the novel. He did however, change a few events in the novel and the ending but stills successfully puts Palahniuk’s words on screen that even made Palahniuk happy to earn his profits. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;MostRead MoreFight Club Analysis1237 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Late Robert Paulson Fight Club: every white man’s favorite movie and my worst nightmare turned reality. Much of the novel version of Fight Club struggles with this issues of toxic masculinity, feminization, and emotional constipation. No character addresses these topics better than Robert Paulson, better known as Big Bob; it is his character that serves as a catalyst for both The Narrator, and Project Mayhem. One of the first major problems addressed in Fight Club is toxic masculinity, andRead MoreFight Club Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesFight Club â€Å"The first rule about fight club is that you don’t talk about fight club† (Palahniuk 87). The story of Fight Club was very nail biting; you never knew what was going to happen next. There were so many things that led up to a complete plot twist. It was amazing how closely directed and written Chuck Palahniuk and David Fincher’s versions were. However, the role in both that stood out to me the most was the role of Marla. Marla was the biggest influence in discovering the narratorRead MoreFight Club Essay2874 Words   |  12 PagesAlan Badel English 100/Major Essay #2 Professor Raymond Morris 23 October 2015 The Fight Club Aims to Free Individuals from Society’s Emasculating Shackles Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club is an exciting fictional novel that will hold the audience captive following three revolving main characters in Marla Singer, Tyler Durden, and the narrator himself as they take the reader through confusing twists and perspectives, while providing a most revealing closure. Although the title suggests an exclusiveRead MoreFight Club And The Man1874 Words   |  8 Pagessomeone else’s wishes. Unfortunately, most people pay this price without fully realizing the cost of American conformity. In their novels, Chuck Palahniuk and Sloan Wilson reveal the negative effects of the conformity supported by American society. Fight Club and The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit take a similar stance on the matter. Firstly, both novels suggest that societal expectations are inherently emasculating and serve to dampen one’s inner power. They suggest that one must give up a piece of

Analysis Of The Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao - 1479 Words

Interpretation of literature Keenan Walsh The Importance Of Perspective In many cultures, especially today s America many people do not believe in curses or do not take them seriously. However in the Dominican culture, the curse of the Fuku is life or death. If you are cursed with it you and your family will receive bad luck for all your lives. The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao is a story about a Dominican family, the Cabrals, who receive this curse and the text follows the horrors they experience. The story is told from multiple points of view members of the Cabral family and those close to them. In The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao, Junot Diaz uses Different points of view of characters to explore the thematic concern of the magical element of the Fuku and how it effects each character. It is important for Diaz to use these different points of view to show the power and realism of this curse, especially in the Dominican culture. Junot Diaz uses the shifting points of view to introduce the reader to how the Fuku began in the family by showing the effects it had on Aberlard Cabral. It stays within his bloodline and it immediately destroys his life. Trujillo is described as either the curses servant or its master.(3) and he possesses the power to use the curse. When Aberlard Cabral insulted the great Trujillo, he and his family were cursed. Out of his fear of Trujillo finding out he had been hiding his wife and his daughter from him, Aberlard writes a book heShow MoreRelatedThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, a novel composed by Junot Diaz, Oscar Wao tells in what presents to be an oral conversation, consisting in part youth with popular cultural references to fantasy and sci-fi, or American hip-hop, and of Spanish slang extracted from the language of Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, and South American. Diaz uses transnational as a critiqu e contributing to the inspection of the achievements and the limitations of multiculturalism and its academic phenomenon, ethnicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Faceless Man Throughout Junot Diaz’s novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, the Man Without a Face is a recurring character with no evident features. All of his scenes include an event in which he is either a mysterious spectator watching the distress around himself or joins in on the torture. His appearances throughout the story are suggestive of evil or violent incidents that are about to occur. More times than not, the acts are performed by Trujillo s men. Almost consistently, he emergesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao857 Words   |  4 Pagesis called Junot Diaz. â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† is the title of Junot Diaz book in which we can perceive the author’s allusion to William’s Shakespeare play in order to comprehend the book better wise. There are many allusions that Junot Diaz had in mind of the play â€Å"The Tempest† while writing his book and the one that beats them all is the resembles of the rightful D uke of Milan in the play, Prospero and Yunior, the narrator of the story of Oscar Wao. Each of their personalities, storyRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis935 Words   |  4 Pageswere your friend, in the end, it is for the best. In the novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao written by Junot Dà ­az, Oscar recognizes his friends are not genuine companions. This is evident because they exclude Oscar when they hang out, make derogatory remarks towards him, and overall making him feel inferior to them. Oscar’s friend Al, assists Oscar’s other friend, Miggs, in finding a girlfriend, while excluding Oscar, â€Å"It killed him that they hadn’t thought to include him in their girl heists;Read MoreAnalysis of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao1003 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is love, there is life†. Human beings cannot live a fulfilled life without love of some kind. In Junot Diaz’s Novel, â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† we see that love plays a vital role. Love, or the lack of it, impacts each individual in the story and leads them to become reckless or grow stronger. Whether its love from a parent, from a friend, or a significant other, we need it to function, to grow, and to be able to accept ourselves. At a young age, Oscar was what nowadays you mayRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis772 Words   |  4 Pages Giving up friends you know and love is difficult, however if they were never your friend, in the end, it is for the best. In the novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Dà ­az makes Oscar experience numerous hardships, and makes him to overcome them. One of these hardships were when Oscar recognizes his friends are not genuine, and has to make a choice to continue being friends with them or letting them go. He concludes they are not genuine when they exclude him when they hang out and makeRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis1868 Words   |  8 Pagesof Life Throughout the novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Oscar falls in love with several girls throughout his life whom never love him back. This is partially due to Oscar’s love for women that are extremely out of his league. These women are beautiful and desire the stereotypical man which is the opposite of overweight, nerdy Oscar. Several songs display the scenes throughout Oscar’s life in which he falls head over heels for women that would never publicly date him. When Oscar isRead MoreAnalysis Of Junot Diazs The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao1016 Words   |  5 PagesIn Junot Diaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Dominican men are judged via their embodiment of the hyper-masculine ideals and a number of women they sleep with. Outliers such as Oscar de Leon are therefore criticized, humiliated and emasculated by fellow members of society. Diaz characterizes Oscar’s plight as his struggle to lose his virginity: a major accomplishment of the Dominican, male ideal. Yunior, on the contrary, is the epitome of a Dominican man. He is able to sweep women off theirRead MoreAnalysis of Junot Diazs The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao870 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿To My Dear Friend Oscar, As one of your confidants and close companions, I know that you are one of this worlds rarest souls, a great person who has so much to offer the world, but one who simply prefers to keep the best parts of yourself private. I feel truly honored that you have revealed some of your secrets to me, and I want you to know that your friendship means more to me than you can ever imagine. You are misunderstood by a world which is unready and unwilling to know true beauty, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Junot Diazs The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao962 Words   |  4 Pagesto happen whether mental or physical. This connects to Junot Diaz’s novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, because in it Diaz argues that all forms of colonization and oppression creates rebellion. He weaves this argument with Oscar’s characterization, the conflict between mother and daughter, Oscars’ â€Å"Last Laugh†. To begin, one must examine the characterization of our protagonist, Oscar. In the novel Oscar is an ample, second generation Dominican living in New Jersey. He loves to write and

Apes Chapter 3 Questions Free Essays

Chapter 3 Reading Questions: 1. Core Case Study: â€Å"Have you thanked your insects today? †- Explain why insects are significant. Many of the earth’s plant species depend upon insects to pollinate them. We will write a custom essay sample on Apes Chapter 3 Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carnivorous insects, such as the praying mantis, control the ‘pest’ insect population. 2. What percentage of the species on this planet consists of insects? Animals? Plants? 53% are insects; 20% are other animals; 18% are plants. 3. Give three examples of how we benefit from microbes. Soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas into usable forms for plants; they decompose wastes into nutrients we use; they help produce various foods such as bread, cheese, wine, beer, and tofu. 4. What percentage of the biomass on this planet accounts for microbes? 90% of earth’s living mass. 5. Define the four spheres of the earth. The atmosphere is the thin membrane of air around the planet. The troposphere is the air layer about 11 miles above sea level. The stratosphere lies above the troposphere between 11-30 miles; it filters out the sun’s harmful radiation. The hydrosphere consists of earth’s water, found in liquid water, ice, and water vapor. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of the earth’s soil. It contains nonrenewable fossil fuels, minerals, and soil, and renewable soil chemicals needed for plant life. The biosphere includes most of the hydrosphere, parts of the lower atmosphere and upper lithosphere. All parts of the biosphere are interconnected. 6. Describe the three interconnected factors that life depends on. The flow of high-quality energy; the cycling of matter or nutrients; gravity. 7. Describe what happens to all of the solar radiation that reaches the earth. Solar energy flowing through the biosphere warms the atmosphere, evaporates and recycles water, generates winds, and supports photosynthetic life. 8. Is the greenhouse effect a positive or negative issue for life on earth? Explain why. It is a positive effect because without it, the earth would be too cold to support most forms of life. 9. Explain the following terms: abiotic, biotic, range of tolerance. Abiotic consists of non-living components such as water, air, nutrients, and solar energy. Biotic consists of biological components such as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Each population in an ecosystem has a range of tolerance to variations in its physical and chemical environment. 10. Explain how limiting factors can control population size. Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range of tolerance. 11. What factors usually limit terrestrial populations? On land, precipitation and soil nutrients are often limiting factors. 2. What factors usually limit aquatic populations? In water, temperature, sunlight, nutrient availability, dissolved oxygen content, and salinity are limiting factors. 13. What is the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2. 14. What is the overall chemical reaction for respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP 15. Why are decomposers so significant to an ecosystem? They recycle the nutrients that make life possible throughout the ecosystem. 16. Why is biodiversity one of our most important renewable resources? Biodiversity provides us with natural resources, natural services, pleasure, and keeps the balance of the food web. 17. Describe 4 key components of biodiversity. Functional diversity includes the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems. Ecological diversity includes the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth. Species diversity includes the number of species present in different habitats. Genetic diversity includes the variety of genetic material within a species or population. 18. What are the five major causes of species decline? Habitat destruction and degradation, invasive species, pollution, and human population growth. 19. Summarize two approaches to sustaining biodiversity. The ecosystem approach protects populations of species in their natural habitat by preserving sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems. The species approach protects species from premature extinction by indentifying endangered species and protecting their critical habitats. 20. What trophic level do decomposers consume from? Decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels. 21. What form of energy is transferred from one organism to another? Stored energy in the tissues of the organism. 22. Why would the earth be able to support more people if we ate at a lower trophic level? The energy intake would be higher because there is less loss of energy. 23. Why are there rarely more than 4 or 5 trophic levels within an ecosystem? Because the food web would not be able to sustain that great of an energy loss in successively higher levels. 24. What is the significance of net primary productivity? NPP measures how fast producers can provide the food needed by other organisms in an ecosystem. 25. What might happen to us and to other consumer species as the human population grows over the next 40-50 years and per capita consumption of resources such as food, timber, and grassland rises sharply? What are the three ways to prevent this from happening? We will end up pushing other species to extinction and reduce the biodiversity in earth. To prevent this, we can prevent population growth, find renewable energy sources, and consume food locally and at a lower trophic level. 26. Consider the diagram on page 67 (figure 3-22). Explain why desertification is so significant of an issue and relate that to the significance of net primary productivity. Dry land ecosystems are already such fragile ecosystems, and many of these delicate ecosystems have the most net productivity. 7. Describe the four types of soil horizons. The surface litter layer (O horizon) is the top layer and consists of freshly fallen undecomposed or partially decomposed leaves, twigs, crop wastes, animals waste, fungi, and other organic material. It is normally brown or black. The topsoil layer (A horizon) is a porous mixture of the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals, called the humus and inorg anic materials such as clay, silt, and sand. The B and C horizons (subsoil and parent material) contain most of a soils inorganic material and lies on bedrock. 8. How does color relate to the quality of the topsoil? The color of the topsoil suggests how useful a soil is for growing crops. Dark brown or black soil is rich in organic matter and nitrogen. Gray, bright yellow or red topsoils are the opposite. 29. What are the significant properties of soil? Soil texture: particle size of components. 30. How do humans impact the hydrological cycle? We alter the water cycle by withdrawing large amounts freshwater, clearing vegetation, and eroding soils, polluting surface and underground water, and contributing to climate change. 1. Be able to diagram the entire Carbon cycle. See below 32. What is the significance of burning fossil fuels on the C cycle? Adds more carbon to the air. 33. How are Carbon and Nitrogen used by living organisms? Carbon and nitrogen make up organisms and are used in respiration by them. 34. What two natural processes convert nitrogen gas in the air to a usable form? Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification. 35. How is the C N Cycle affected by humans? We add large amounts of nitric oxide in the air and we add fertilizers to the water and soils. 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Animal Testing (897 words) Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing (897 words) Essay Animal TestingTraditionally, animals have been used to ensure the safety of our consumerproducts and drugs. Yet around the world, scientists, regulators and animalprotectionists work together to develop alternatives to their use. The use ofanimals in the life sciences dates back to ancient Greece and the earliestmedical experiments. To learn about swallowing, physicians cut open into thethroat of a living pig. To study the beating heart, they cut open into its chest. For centuries physicians and researchers used animals to enhance theirknowledge about how the various organs and systems of the bodyfunctioned, as well as to hone their surgical skills. As long as animals havebeen used in experiments, people have expressed concerns about suchresearch. Questions about the morality, necessity, and scientific validity ofanimal experiments have arisen since those ancient physicians first began tostudy bodily functions. Alternatives are methods, which refine existing tests byminimizing animal distress, reduce the number of animals necessary for anexperiment or replace whole animal use with vitro or other tests. Whilevivisection has received more attention and funding, clinical andepidemiological (studying the natural course of disease within humanpopulation) studies have had a much more profound impact on human health. In fact, clinical and epidemiological evidence linking smoking to lung cancerwas established long before warnings of the dangers of smoking werereleased to the general public. Because animal experimentation failed to eachthe same conclusion, warning labels on cigarettes were delayed for years!During this time hundreds of people died from lung cancer because the resultsof animal experimentation were considered more valid than studies of humanpatients. Animal based research is the science of the past. There are anumber of alternatives available to modern researchers, which are lessexpensive, more reliable, and ethically sound. They provide results rapidly,experimental parameters are easily controlled, and their focus on the cellularand molecular levels of the life process provides more useful informationabout chemicals and drugs. High Productive Volume Tests, test a minimalamount of a product on an abundant amount of animals. Two hundred babyrats, just three weeks old are placed in wi re bottomed stainless steelcages. Twice daily Monday thru Friday, laboratory workers pull the smallmammals from their cages, force steel clamps into their mouths to hold theirjaws apart and swab their teeth with an anti cavity dental chemical. Afterthree weeks, the workers kill the baby rats by cutting off their teeth. Theprocedures are called Biological Tests for Tests Flouride Dentifrices and:Determination of Animal Carries Reduction puzzling terms to most of us. But the meaning is deadly to animals. The officials who order this test workfor the U. S. government s FDA has made exceptions for manufacturers,including Toms of Maine, that wanted to market new toothpastes withoutany tests on animals. If some companies can manufacture safe, effective anti cavity toothpastes without using any animals, why cant all dental productcompanies stop killing animals? Philosopher Jeremy Bentham sounded therallying cry for animals everywhere: The question is not, can they reason, norcan they talk, but can they suffer? The Animal Welfare Act sets standardsfor the housing, handling, feeding, and transportation of experimental animals,but places no limitations whatsoever on the actual experimental conditionsand procedures continue to challenge, whether human beings have the right touse animals for any purpose. The HPV Program sounds so important,right? Wrong! Because no resulting action will be taken against the chemicalsinvolved in this program. Instead of prot ecting the public from hazardouschemicals, the EPA will inform us of how quickly mice and rabbits died whenforce fed a chemical, or how many mouse pups were stillborn after theirmother was force fed massive quantities of already known toxic chemicals. .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .postImageUrl , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:hover , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:visited , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:active { border:0!important; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:active , .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0e57ebccfc0085c9d495c335606572b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sylvan Island EssayEvery medical advancement has not been a result of animal testing. Resultsderived from animal experiments have had a very minimal effect on thedramatic rise of life expectancy can be attributed mainly to changes inlifestyles, environmental factors, and improvements in sanitation. Manymedical schools in the U. S. do not use animals in the training of medicalstudents. They include: NYU, University of Michigan, and SUNYStonybrook. Actually, most of the medical schools which do use animalsallow students the option of foregoing the animal labs. This is because theyclearly acknowledge that such labs are not necessary for the training ofdoctors. When a newly re leased drug hits the market, regardless of howmany animal tests have been done, those individuals who first use it arehuman guinea pigs. Animal tests are not good indicators of what will occurin humans. It has been due, in large part , to the tension between researcherswho view laboratory animals as essential to their work and individuals whooppose animal tests that the modern alternatives movement has evolved. Themovement began quietly, in 1959, with the publication of The Principles ofHumane Experimental Technique by British researchers W. Russell and R. Burch. Russell and Burch advocated the three Rs of replacement,reduction, and refinement. In the 1980s and 1990s, their philosophy hasenabled researchers and animal welfare advocates to come together with acommon goal: to find scientifically valid alternatives to animal tests. Inconclusion, as proven by the Toms of Maine Co., and with the approval ofthe FDA, products can be marketed without the immoral practices of animalcruelty. As a form of life, animals acquire natural rights, one being the right tolive, not to be exploited and exposed to pain. As best said by animal activistJon Evans: To inflict cruelties on defenseless creatures, or condone suchacts, is to abuse one of the cardinal tenets of a civilized society reverencefor life. Speech and Communications